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Esperanto is written in a Latin alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case. This is supplemented by punctuation marks and by various logograms, such as the numerals 0–9, currency signs such as $, and mathematical symbols. Twenty-two of the letters are identical in form to letters of the English alphabet (''q, w, x,'' and ''y'' being omitted). The remaining six have diacritic marks, '', , , , ,'' and ' (that is, ''c, g, h, j,'' and ''s circumflex,'' and ''u breve).'' The full alphabet is: In handwritten Esperanto, the diacritics pose no problem. However, since they don't appear on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternate methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the "h-system", but with the rise of computer word processing a so-called "x-system" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened. Unique to the Esperanto script is the ''spesmilo'' (1000 specie) sign, an ''Sm'' monogram for a now-obsolete international unit of auxiliary Esperanto currency used by a few British and Swiss banks before World War I. It has been assigned the Unicode value U+20B7, though in ordinary fonts it is often transcribed as ''Sm,'' usually italic. ==Sound values== (詳細はIPA, with the exception of ''c'' and the circumflex letters ''(unicode:ĉ)'' , ''(unicode:ĝ)'' , ''(unicode:ĥ)'' , ''(unicode:ĵ)'' , ''(unicode:ŝ)'' , ''(unicode:ŭ)'' . ''J'' transcribes two sounds, consonantal (the English ''y'' sound) and vocalic . There is a nearly one-to-one correspondence of letter to sound. Beside the dual use of , significant exceptions are: * voicing assimilation, as in the sequence ''kz'' of ''ekzemple,'' which is frequently pronounced * place assimilation, as in ''n'', which is frequently pronounced before ''g'' and ''k'' * the voiced alveolar sibilant affricate , written ''dz''. Non-Esperantized names are given an Esperanto approximation of their original pronunciation, at least by speakers without command of the original language. Hard is read as ''k'', as ''kv'', as ''v'', as ''ks'', and as ''j'' if a consonant, or as ''i'' if a vowel. The English digraph is read as ''t''. When there is no close equivalent, the difficult sounds may be given the Esperanto values of the letters in the orthography or roman transcription, accommodating the constraints of Esperanto phonology. So, for example, ''Winchester'' (the English city) is pronounced (and may be spelled) ''Vinĉester'' , as Esperanto has no ''w''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PMEG )〕 ''Changzhou'' generally becomes ''Ĉanĝo'' , as Esperanto has no ''ng'' or ''ou'' sound. There are no strict rules, however; speakers may try for greater authenticity, for example by pronouncing the ''g'' and ''u'' in ''Changzhou'': ''Ĉangĝoŭ'' . The original stress may be kept, if it is known. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Esperanto orthography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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